Contents

Introduction

Prerequisites

Requirements

Components Used

Conventions

Background Information

Policing Versus Shaping

Selection Criteria

Token Refresh Rate

Traffic Shaping

Traffic Policing

Minimum Versus Maximum Bandwidth Controls

Related Information

Introduction

This document describes the functional differences between traffic shaping and traffic policing, both of which limit the output rate.

Prerequisites

Requirements

There are no specific requirements for this document.

Components Used

This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions.

The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, ensure that you understand the potential impact of any command.

Conventions

Refer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions.

Background Information

This document clarifies the functional differences between traffic shaping and policing. Both functionally limit the traffic output rate. Both mechanisms use a token bucket as a traffic meter to measure the packet rate. For more information on token buckets, see What Is a Token Bucket

Policing Versus Shaping

Traffic policing propagates bursts. When the traffic rate reaches the configured maximum rate, excess traffic is dropped (or remarked). The result is an output rate that appears as a saw-tooth with crests and troughs. In contrast to policing, traffic shaping retains excess packets in a queue and then schedules the excess for later transmission over increments of time. The result of traffic shaping is a smoothed packet output rate.

The next diagram illustrates the key differences between the two traffic options.

Policing VS Shaping

Shaping implies the existence of a queue and of sufficient memory to buffer delayed packets, while policing does not. Queues are an outbound concept; packets that leave an interface get queued and can be shaped. Only policing can be applied to inbound traffic on an interface. Ensure that you have sufficient memory when you enable shaping. In addition, shaping requires a function that schedules for later transmission of any delayed packets. This schedule functionality allows you to organize the shaping queue into different queues. Examples of this functionality are Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) and Low Latency Queuing (LLQ).

Selection Criteria

The next table lists the differences between shaping and policing to help you choose the appropriate traffic solution.

Shaping

Policing

Objective

Buffer and queue excess packets over the committed rates.

Drop (or remark) excess packets over the committed rates. Does not buffer.*

Token Refresh Rate

Incremented at the start of a time interval. (Minimum number of intervals is required.)

Continuous based on formula:1 / committed information rate

Token Values

Configured in bits per second.

Configured in bytes.

Configuration Options

- Shape command in the modular quality of service command-line interface (MQC) to implement class-based shaping.

- Frame-relay traffic-shape command to implement Frame Relay Traffic Shaping (FRTS).

- Traffic-shape command to implement Generic Traffic Shaping (GTS).

- Police command in the MQC to implement class-based policing.

- Rate-limit command to implement committed access rate (CAR).

Applicable on Inbound

No

Yes

Applicable on Outbound

Yes

Yes

Bursts

Controls bursts and smooths the output rate over at least eight time intervals. Uses a leaky bucket to delay traffic, which achieves a smoothing effect.

Propagates bursts. Does no smoothing.

Advantages

Less likely to drop excess packets since excess packets are buffered. (Buffers packets up to the length of the queue. Drops can occur if excess traffic is sustained at high rates.) Typically avoids retransmissions due to dropped packets.

Controls the output rate through packet drops. Avoids delays due to queuing.

Disadvantages

Can introduce delay due to queuing, particularly deep queues.

Drops excess packets (when configured), throttled TCP window sizes, and reduces the overall output rate of affected traffic streams. Overly aggressive burst sizes can lead to excess packet drops and throttle the overall output rate, particularly with TCP-based flows.

Optional Packet Remarking

No

Yes (with legacy CAR feature).

* Although policing does not apply a buffer, a configured queuing mechanism applies to conformed packets that need to be queued while they wait to be serialized at the physical interface.

Token Refresh Rate

A key difference between shaping and policing is the rate at which tokens are replenished. Both shaping and policing use the token bucket metaphor. A token bucket itself has no discard or priority policy.

With token bucket functionality:

- Tokens are put into the bucket at a certain rate.

- Each token gives permission for the source to send a certain number of bits into the network.

- To send a packet, the traffic regulator must be able to remove from the bucket a number of tokens equal in representation to the packet size.

- If not enough tokens are in the bucket to send a packet, the packet either waits until the bucket has enough tokens (in the case of a shaper), or the packet is discarded or marked down (in the case of a policer).

- The bucket itself has a specified capacity. If the bucket fills to capacity, new tokens that arrive are discarded and are not available to future packets. Thus, at any time, the largest burst a source can send into the network is roughly proportional to the size of the bucket. A token bucket permits burstiness but bounds it.

Shaping increments the token bucket at timed intervals that use a bits per second (bps) value. A shaper uses the next formula:

Tc = Bc/CIR (in seconds)

In this equation, Bc represents the committed burst, and CIR stands for committed information rate. (See Configuring Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for more information.) The value of Tc defines the time interval during which you send the Bc bits in order to maintain the average rate of the CIR in seconds.

The range for Tc is between 10 ms and 125 ms. With distributed traffic shaping (DTS) on the Cisco 7500 series, the minimum Tc is 4 ms. The router internally calculates this value based on the CIR and Bc values. If Bc/CIR is less than 125 ms, it uses the Tc calculated from that equation. If Bc/CIR is more than or equal to 125 ms, it uses an internal Tc value if Cisco IOS® determines that traffic flow can be more stable with a smaller interval. Use the show traffic-shape command to determine whether your router uses an internal value for Tc or the value that you configured at the command-line. The next sample output of the show traffic-shape command is explained in Show Commands for Frame Relay Traffic Shaping.

show traffic output

When the excess burst (Be) is configured to a value different than 0, the shaper allows tokens to be stored in the bucket, up to Bc + Be. The largest value that the token bucket can ever reach is Bc + Be, and overflow tokens are dropped. The only way to have more than Bc tokens in the bucket is to not use all Bc tokens during one or more Tc. Since the token bucket is replenished every Tc with Bc tokens, you can accumulate unused tokens for later use up to Bc + Be.

In contrast, class-based policing and rate-limiting adds tokens continuously to the bucket. Specifically, the token arrival rate is calculated as follows:

(time between packets<which is equal to t-t1>* policer rate)/8 bits per byte

In other words, if the previous arrival of the packet was at t1 and the current time is t, the bucket is updated with t-t1 worth of bytes based on the token arrival rate.

Note: A traffic policer uses burst values specified in bytes, and the previous formula converts from bits to bytes.

This is an example that uses a CIR (or policer rate) of 8000 bps and a normal burst of 1000 bytes:

Router(config)# policy-map police-setting

Router(config-pmap)# class access-match

Router(config-pmap-c)# police 8000 1000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop

The token buckets start full at 1000 bytes. If a 450 byte packet arrives, the packet conforms because enough bytes are available in the token bucket. The conform action (transmit) is taken by the packet and 450 bytes are removed from the token bucket (and leave 550 bytes). If the next packet arrives 0.25 seconds later, 250 bytes are added to the token bucket as per the next formula:

(0.25 * 8000)/8

The calculation leaves 700 bytes in the token bucket. If the next packet is 800 bytes, the packet exceeds and the exceed action (drop) is taken. No bytes are taken from the token bucket.

Traffic Shaping

Cisco® IOS supports the next methods of traffic shaping:

- Generic Traffic Shaping

- Frame Relay Traffic Shaping

- Class-Based Shaping and Distributed Class-Based Shaping

All traffic shaping methods are similar in implementation, though their command-line interfaces (CLIs) differ somewhat, and they use different types of queues to contain and shape traffic that is deferred. Cisco recommends class-based shaping and distributed shaping, which are configured with the modular QoS CLI.

The next diagram illustrates how a QoS policy arranges traffic into classes, and queues packets that exceed the configured shaping rates.

Traffic Policing

Cisco IOS supports the next methods of traffic policing:

- Committed Access Rate

- Class-Based Policing

The two mechanisms have important functional differences, as explained in Compare Class Based Policing and Committed Access Rate. Cisco recommends class based policing and other features of the modular QoS CLI when QoS policies are applied.

Use the police command to specify that a class of traffic must have a maximum rate imposed on it, and if that rate is exceeded, an immediate action must be taken. In other words, with the police command, it is not an option to buffer the packet and later send it out, as is the case for the shape command.

In addition, with policing, the token bucket determines whether a packet exceeds or conforms to the applied rate. In either case, policing implements a configurable action, which includes the IP precedence or Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP).

The next diagram illustrates a common application of traffic policing at a congestion point, where QoS features generally apply.

Minimum Versus Maximum Bandwidth Controls

Both the shape and police commands restrict the output rate to a maximum kbps value. Importantly, neither mechanism provides a minimum bandwidth guarantee during periods of congestion. Use the bandwidth or priority command to provide such guarantees.

A hierarchical policy uses two service policies – a parent policy to apply a QoS mechanism to a traffic aggregate, and a child policy to apply a QoS mechanism to a flow or subset of the aggregate. Logical interfaces, such as sub-interfaces and tunnel interfaces, require a hierarchical policy with the traffic-limiting feature at the parent level and queuing at lower levels. The traffic-limiting feature reduces the output rate and (presumably) creates congestion, as seen by queuing excess packets.

The next configuration is sub-optimal and is shown to illustrate the difference between the police versus the shape command when limiting a traffic aggregate, in this case class-default, to a maximum rate. In this configuration, the police command sends packets from the child classes based on the size of the packet and the number of bytes that remain in the conform and exceed token buckets. (See Traffic Policing.) The result is that rates given to the Voice over IP (VoIP) and Internet Protocol (IP) classes cannot be guaranteed since the police feature overrides the guarantees made by the priority feature.

However, if the shape command is used, the result is a hierarchical queuing system, and all guarantees are made. In other words, when the offered load exceeds the shape rate, the VoIP and IP classes are guaranteed their rate, and the class-default traffic (at the child level) incurs any drops.

Caution: This configuration is not recommended, and is shown to illustrate the difference between the police versus the shape command when it limits a traffic aggregate.

class-map match-all IP

match ip precedence 3

class-map match-all VoIP

match ip precedence 5

policy-map child

class VoIP

priority 128

class IP

priority 1000

policy-map parent

class class-default

police 3300000 103000 103000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop

service-policy child

In order for the previous configuration to make sense, the policing must be replaced by shaping.

For example:

policy-map parent

class class-default

shape average 3300000 103000 0

service-policy child

Note: To learn more about parent and child policies, refer to QoS Child Service Policy for Priority Class .

Related Information

- Quality of Services (QoS) Technology Support

- Technical Support & Documentation - Cisco Systems